『言語研究』169号

論文

潜伏疑問の認知言語学的研究――指示参照ファイル理論による分析――

山泉 実 (大阪大学)
田中 太一 (東京農工大学)

本稿では,認知言語学における名詞句の意味に関する理論の1 つである,指示参照ファイル理論を用いて潜伏疑問(Concealed Questions)を原理的に分析する。CQ とは「太郎はこの事故の原因を知っている」のように,CQ 述語の項になる名詞句が間接疑問相当の意味を表す表現である。生成統語論や形式意味論のような意味論と語用論を画然と区別し,文法をあくまで形式的な体系と見なす立場からの分析には,A)述語の意味的選択制限,B)CQ となる名詞句のクラス,C)名詞句への修飾とCQ 解釈の関係という3 つの問題が残されている。本稿では,主体の心における(同一性の基盤となる)ID の変異様態をCQ 述語によって述べる表現としてCQ を捉え直すことで,A)ID の変異様態によって規定される7 種の述語,B)フレーム・役割モデルによるカテゴリー化と結びつく名詞句,C)B の名詞句としての解釈しやすさの上昇とい う解答を与える。
キーワード:認知言語学,指示参照ファイル理論,潜伏疑問,カテゴリー化

ベンガル語の逆使役――[主格主語+分詞+FALL]構文の記述――

石川 さくら (東京外国語大学)

南アジアは形態論的な使役化が特徴の一つとされる言語地域である。一方で逆使役は一部の言語にのみ観察される。本稿はベンガル語の分析的な[主格主語+分詞+ FALL]構文(FALL 構文)を記述し,これが逆使役であると論じる。当該構文はイディオム的特徴から記述の対象にされず,言及されても受身を表すとされてきた。しかし,本稿は当該の構造を構文と認め,ベンガル語の受身構文と対照しながら形態統語論的および意味論的記述を行う。形態統語論的にFALL 構文は受身構文とは異なる特徴を持ち,特定の特徴を持つ動詞が分詞スロットに生起する。意味論的には,FALL 構文では動作主が事象から削除される。これらの記述からFALL 構文は逆使役であることを議論する。このようにイディオム的または分析的な構文に着目することで,南アジア言語におけるヴォイスの多様性や結合価減少操作に関する新たな共通点が明らかになる。

福岡県柳川方言における「行く」を表す動詞に見られる「不完全」な補充法
――itar- を含む形式に着目して――

松岡 葵 (東京外国語大学・日本学術振興会(特別研究員PD))

本研究は,福岡県柳川方言における「行く」を表す動詞に補充法が生じていると主張し,各語根の出現環境を明らかにする。多くの九州方言で,「行く」を表す語根としてik- とitar- の形式の二形式が報告されている(柳川方言:{ikan/*itaran}「行かない。」,{itte/ita(t)te}「行って」)。先行研究は,両者を類義語の関係にあると分析するものと,補充法の関係にあると示唆するものに大別される。本稿は記述データを基に,柳川方言においてこれらは類義語ではなく補充法の関係にあると主張する。itar- は,-te を通時的に含む接辞(以下,T 接辞)のうち,-te および完了接辞-tor,予期完了接辞-tok のいずれかの接辞が後続する場合に現れ,他のT 接辞,そしてT 接辞以外の接辞が後続する場合には現れない。ただし,ik- とitar- の出現は相補分布しておらず,この点で「不完全」な補充法である。
キーワード:九州方言,フィールド調査,形態論,補充法,類義語

コーヴェ語における所有構文と名詞化

佐藤 寛子 (東京大学)

本論文では,パプアニューギニアで話されているコーヴェ語の所有構文および所有構文と動名詞の関わりについて考察する。コーヴェ語の所有構文には,名詞に所有格代名詞が直接付加する直接所有構文と分類詞に所有格代名詞が付加する間接所有構文がある。間接所有構文では,所有分類詞はa とle の2 種類が使われる。どの所有構文が使用されるかは,所有される名詞と所有者との関係性により決まる。所有構文は,動名詞節でも見られ,動名詞の意味上の主語や目的語を表す際に所有構造が使われるが,項の文法関係により異なる所有分類詞が使われる。本稿では,どのような所有構文が動名詞節に使用されるのか,また,1 つの動名詞節に対して2 つ以上の所有構文が使用されることは可能かどうか追求する。

Article

A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Concealed Questions:
From the Viewpoint of Reference File Theory

Minoru Yamaizumi (The University of Osaka)
Taichi Tanaka (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

This paper presents a principled analysis of Concealed Questions (CQs) using the Reference File Theory (RFT), a cognitive linguistic framework for understanding the meaning of noun phrases. CQs are expressions in which a noun phrase that functions as an argument of a predicate semantically corresponds to an embedded wh-question, as in “Taro knows the cause of the accident”. Analyses based on generative syntax and formal semantics, which sharply separate semantics and pragmatics and treat grammar as a purely formal system, have left unresolved three major issues: (A) the selectional restrictions on CQ predicates, (B) the nature of the noun phrases that can function as CQs, and (C) the relationship between noun phrase modification and CQ interpretation. By reinterpreting CQs as expressions whose associated varying identity (ID) within a subject’s mental representation is described by their governing predicates, this study offers cognitive linguistic answers to the above issues: (A) by enumerating seven types of CQ predicates that differ from each other in the way they describe the varying value of ID; (B) by characterizing CQ noun phrases in terms of the frame-role model proposed by Ujiie and Tanaka (2024); and (C) by clarifying how noun phrase modification tends to activate the frame-role model.
Key words: Cognitive Linguistics, Reference File Theory, Concealed Questions, Categorization

Exploring an Anticausative in Bengali:
A Descriptive Study of the [Nominative Subject + Participle + FALL] Construction

Sakura Ishikawa (Tokyo University of Foreign Stu dies)

South Asia is a linguistic area, where morphological causativization is one of the prominent characteristics (Masica 1976). The anticausative is a rather less common phenomenon in South Asian languages. This study explores an analytic construction in Bengali, namely the [Nominative Subject + Participle + FALL] Construction (FALL Construction), discussing it as anticausative. This construction has not received much attention due to its idiomatic characteristics. It has been sporadically mentioned as one type of passive construction in descriptive studies of Bengali. However, this study considers this structure as a construction and describes it from morphosyntactic and semantic perspectives, especially in comparison with another commonly known passive construction employing the verb ‘become’ (the BECOME Passive Construction). This paper shows that the FALL Construction is morphosyntactically distinct from the BECOME Passive Construction regarding verbal indexing, the marking of a patient, and the existence of an agent, and that it serves as an independent construction. It is also a schematic construction with a slot in which a participle of a particular verb type can occur. Semantically, it deletes an agent from an event. Based on the present paper’s description and typological study of anticausatives, I argue that the FALL Construction is anticausative. This study suggests that investigating idiomatic and analytic constructions can shed light on the variation of voice in South Asian languages. Focusing on such constructions can also lead to discussion on the prevalence and development of FALL Constructions in South Asian languages.
Key words: anticausative voice, analytic constructions, idioms, New Indo-Aryan languages, South Asian languages

Incomplete Suppletion in the Verb Expressing “to go” in the Yanagawa Dialect of Fukuoka Japanesen

Aoi Matsuoka (Tokyo University of Foreign Stu dies JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists PD)

This study argues that the verb expressing “to go” in the Yanagawa dialect of Fukuoka Japanese shows suppletion and clarifies the distributional environments of each root. In many Kyushu dialects, two forms of the root expressing “to go” have been reported: one containing ik and another containing itar (Yanagawa dialect: ikan/*itaran “not go”; itte/ ita(t)te “go and”). Studies focusing on these forms are generally divided into those analyzing the two as synonyms and those suggesting a suppletive relationship between them. Based on descriptive data, this paper argues that these are not synonyms but are in a suppletive relationship in the Yanagawa dialect. The form containing itar appears when it is followed by suffixes historically containing -te (hereafter referred to as T-suffixes), specifically either the -te suffix or the perfective suffix -tor, or the anticipatory perfect suffix -tok. It does not appear when followed by other T-suffixes or non-T-suffixes. The forms containing ik and itar are not in a fully complementary distribution, making this an instance of “incomplete” suppletion.

Possessive constructions and nominalizations in Koven

Hiroko Sato (The University of Tokyo)

This paper discusses basic features of Kove possessive constructions, and then investigates the correlations between possessive constructions and nominalized verbs. As with Proto-Oceanic and many of its other daughter languages, Kove has a rich system of possessive constructions. It makes a formal distinction between direct and indirect possessive constructions. Moreover, in the indirect constructions, two different possessive markers, a and le, are utilized. The choice of construction depends on the relation between the possessor and the possessum. Some Kove nouns can occur in the possessum position of more than one type of possessive construction with different semantics. This phenomenon appears with nominalized verbs. Any argument of a nominalized verb can be expressed as a possessor, but different possessive constructions may be chosen depending on the notional grammatical relations of the arguments. Furthermore, multiple arguments can be expressed as possessors within one clause, but with some restrictions. This paper highlights how those arguments are expressed by means of possessive constructions.
Key words: possessive construction, possessive marker, nominalization, Austronesian languages, Papua New Guinea