Philology and Linguistics:Ondoku and Kundoku in Old Uighur
Masahiro Shōgaito(Kyoto University)
The author found fragments of Chinese texts in Uighur script at the St. Petersburg Branch for Oriental Studies of Russian Academy of Sciences and identified their corresponding Chinese originals. The phonological system of the Chinese written in Uighur is basically the same as that of the northwestern dialects of Tang and Five Dynasties. Although the fragments were composed later during the period of Yuan Dynasty, its phonological system is undoubtedly quite different from that of colloquial Chinese used in Yuan Dynasty. As a result of detailed examination of the texts, it has become clear that the phonological system behind the texts is well reflected by the Uighur inherited reading of Chinese characters similar to the Japanese Ondoku system, i.e., Chinese reading of Chinese characters.
On the other hand, it is occasionally observed that Chinese characters are sporadically inserted between Uighur lines in the above texts. These inserted Chinese characters must have been read in Uighur. These Chinese characters appear not only as words, but also as phrases and sentences. An interesting fact is that in some bilingual texts such as “Thousand Character Essay”, the Uighur inherited reading of Chinese is followed by its corresponding Uighur translation. Furthermore, in other texts represented by “Abhidharmakośabhāşya-￡īkā Tattvārthā” it is recorded how Uighur speakers read Chinese texts in Uighur pronunciation, translating the contents into the Uighur language. Taking these facts into consideration, a conclusion is inevitable that Uighurs had their own way of reading Chinese texts which is typologically comparable to the Japanese Kundoku system, i.e., Japanese reading of Chinese characters.
Japanese is known as a language in which Ondoku and Kundoku are well developed. It is extremely difficult to understand the contents of Chinese texts merely by listening to Ondoku reading, where a large number of homonyms are created by the loss of many phonological distinctions. Japanese Buddhist monks recite Chinese Buddhist texts following the Ondoku system, but at the same time they understand the contents by Kundoku reading utilizing ideographic nature of Chinese characters. The author would like to argue that Uighur monks of the Yuan dynasty period employed the same kind of method when reciting Chinese texts.
派生的θ標示：日本語における複合述語構文へのミニマリストアプローチ
加藤 幸子 （東北大学大学院／マサチューセッツ工科大学大学院）
Saito and Hoshi (1998, 2000), Saito (2000)において、主要部移動を伴った意味役割の付与が可能であるという分析が提案されている。本稿は、この分析の日本語にお ける統語的複合述語への適用を試み、この分析の有効性を示したものである。
統語的複合述語の特徴は、派生的q標示分析により適切に捉えられること、そしてこの分析を用いることで、統語的複合述語の構造は、複合述語を構成する動詞の項構造と格に関する情報から適切に導かれることを示す。また、この分析に基づいた場合、日本語における目的語の格は内在格であることを示し、複合状態述語文における主格目的語の格はTenseにより認可されることを主張する。さらに、日本語においてTenseの格素性は多重素性照合関係を持てないことを示唆する。そして最後に、コントロールは意味役割を二つ以上持つ単一の連鎖として捕らえられることを示す。
フランス語のavec NP PP構文の統語論
酒井 智宏 （パリ第8大学大学院）
フランス語のavec NP PP（avec Pierre｛pour/comme/en guise de｝guide）構文の統語論を論じる。第一に、この構文の統語構造は、McCawley (1983)の主張する［avec［NP PP］］ではなくRuwet（1982）の主張する［avec NP PP］である。第二に、pour/comme/en guise deの補語であるN窒ﾍ意味上avecに後続するNPに対して述語の関係にあるが、PPそのものはいかなる意味においてもNPの述語ではない。この点でこれらの前置詞をコピュラの一種と見なすMcCawleyの分析は不適切である。第三に、この構文では多くの場合PPが省略できるにもかかわらず、PPは単なる付加部ではなくavecによって下位範疇化されていると考える必要がある。以上の事実をHPSG（主辞駆動句構造文法）理論に基づいて意味論をも考慮に入れつつ形式化する。
Mongolian Plural Suffixes and Silverstein’s Noun-Phrase Hierarchy
Yasuhiro Yamakoshi(Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotionof Science
/Graduate School, Hokkaido University)
Mongolian (Khalkha dialect) has several plural suffixes such as -nar, -(n)ood2, -d and -s. As shown by many examples, it has been said that these plural suffixes tend to be generally attached to nouns referring to humans. Previous grammars have pointed out such a tendency but generally lack adequate description on the functional and semantic differences of these suffixes. In fact many complex tendencies can be observed in the co-occurrence of nouns with the plural suffixes.
The aim of this paper is to show such tendencies in view of three points by applying Silverstein’s (1976) noun-phrase hierarchy (1) in the occurrence of plural suffixes, (2) in the meaning of plurality and (3) in the morphological dependency of plural suffixes. The plural suffixes can mainly be divided into two groups: -nar and the others. Each set is characterized as follows:
-nar The suffix -nar is attached to the nouns of higher classes in the hierarchy, particularly for pronouns, proper nouns, kinship nouns and other specific human nouns, such as those indicating occupations. When attached to pronouns, proper nouns and kinship nouns, -nar tends to be interpreted as a `plural of approximation’ On the contrary, when attached to the lower class of human nouns, it is usually interpreted as ordinary `homogeneous・plural. Morphologically, -nar is more independent than the other plural suffixes.
-((n)oo)d2, -s These suffixes are attached to nouns lower in the hierarchy than the kinship class and are interpreted as ordinary plurals. They function as pure derivational suffixes, so their combinations with preceding nouns are firmer than those between nouns and -nar.
On these grounds, I have come to the conclusion that Mongolian plural suffixes have mainly three characteristics: (1) nouns of higher class in Silverstein’s hierarchy tend to show their plurality, (2) nouns of higher classes tend to be interpreted as `plurals of approximation` (3) there is a correlation between the meaning of plurality and the morphological dependency of the suffixes.